Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski "Pieniądze za krew"
"Pieniądze za krew"
Wyrażenie angielskie „blood money” dosłownie „zapłata za krew,” dziś odnosi się w pierwszym rzędzie do pieniędzy zdobytych za cenę czyjegoś życia, w drugim rzędzie, wyrażenie to oznacza pieniądze zapłacone n.p. rodzinie, jako odszkodowanie za pozbawienie kogoś życia. Termin ten jest częścią bardzo wymownego tytułu książki T. C. Miller’a: „Pieniądze za Krew: Roztrwonione Miliardy, Stracone Życie i Chciwość Korporacji w Iraku,” („Blood Money: Wasted Billions, Lost Lives, and Corporate Greed in Iraq”).
Kiedy przyszli historycy będą badać ruiny strategii Bush’a w Iraku, wówczas będą musieli sięgnąć po prace pisane w naszych czasach, o przebiegu tej tragedii. Książka T. Christiana Millera „Pieniądze za Krew” stoi w rzędzie najlepszych sprawozdań z wojny i pacyfikacji Iraku, obok „Fiaska” Thomasa E. Ricks’a i „Bramy Morderców” („The Assasination Gate”) George’a Packer’a.
Większość opisów dotyczy politycznych i wojskowych błędów w decyzji ataku na Irak, a następnie w czasie najazdu, a potem w czasie okupacji i pacyfikacji, która trwa już dłużej, niż udział w USA przeciwko Niemcom, w czasie Drugiej Wojny Światowej. Nawróceni na radykalny syjonizm trockiści, w rządzie Bush’a, za wszelką cenę pchali maszynę wojenną USA do napaści na Irak, głównie dla dobra Izraela i przemysłu zbrojeniowego. Przewlekła wojna przedłużałaby jak najdłużej pobyt sił USA w sąsiedztwie Izraela, więc nie zapobiegano błędom w planowaniu okupacji.
Dla wyzysku podbitego Iraku, który ma jedne z największych rezerw ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, krótka okupacja nie dawałaby czasu na ustalenie praw i przepisów gwarantujących nieograniczoną eksploatację podbitego kraju, przez międzynarodowe korporacje. Jakikolwiek rząd wybrany w Iraku, stawiał by trudności w przygotowaniach tego rodzaju wyzysku.
Prokonsul amerykański L. Paul Bremer, były kierownik firmy Kissinger Associates, specjalizującej się w handlowaniu wpływami politycznymi, jako szef władz okupacyjnych, zniszczył miejscową biurokrację i wojsko, tak że mógł powoli wprowadzić potrzebne przepisy i regulacje, dla wyzysku podbitego Iraku. W tym celu wprowadził on marionetkowy rząd, przez niego samego wyznaczony, bo wodzą brutalnego agenta CIA, premiera Iyad’a Allawi, nazywanego w Iraku „Saddamem bez wąsów.”
Neokonserwatywny minister obrony USA, Donald Rumsfeld, przedłużał okupację i pacyfikację, ignorując siłę rosnącego ruch oporu i tworzenie w Iraku terenu rekrutacji samobójczych terrorystów, tak że jak dotąd ilość wojsk okupacyjnych, nigdy nie była wystarczająca.
Praca Miller’a, reportera pisma „Los Angeles Times”, dopełnia tematu fiaska USA w Iraku za pomocą analizy tak zwanej rekonstrukcji, która polegała na zagarnianiu kontraktów przez firmy amerykańskie, bez znajomości terenu i wśród niewiarogodnej korupcji.
Obraz chciwości i nieuczciwości firm amerykańskich, przyczynił się do oburzenia Irakijczyków i do popierania przez nich ruchu oporu. Gazety donosiły o kolosalnych dochodach w Iraku firmy Halliburton, której głównym dyrektorem był obecny wiceprezydent, Dick Chenney.
Książka „Blood Money” opisuje jak neokonserwatywny rząd Busha zostawił podbity i zrujnowany Irak na pastwę losu. Brakowło tam podstawowych warunków do normalnego życia, jak elektryczności i wody do picia. Irak był oddany na pastwę pazernych i chciwych prywatnych kontraktorów. Jednoczesny brak faktycznego zarządzania podbitym krajem, skazywał wszystkie działania na brak skuteczności, wydajności i odpowiedzialności od początku tak zwanej rekonstrukcji
Według Millera na wszelki możliwy sposób i pod każdym względem rekonstrukcja była nie udana, z wyjątkiem kilku pokazowych projektów, jak odbudowa zniszczonych szkół. „Po trzech latach okupacji dziś jest mniej elektryczności dostępnej dla ludnośći niż pod rządami Saddam’a Hussein’a. Szpitalon brak elektryczności, dzieci umierają w obecności lekarzy, słabo wyposażonych.”
„Produkcja szybów naftowych jest znacznie poniżej takiej jaka była przed najazdem. Biedota w Bagdadzie cierpi na częste epidemie, którym łatwo by było zapobiegać. Ludzie chorują na hepatitis z powodu braku czystej wody i opieki lekarskiej.”
Teraz rząd Bush’a chce jeszcze bardziej zmniejszyć wydatki na rekonstrukcję mimo przedłużania pobytu wojsk okupacyjnych. Nawet Laura Bush, żona prezydenta, popierała budowę „szpitala na pokaz” w mieście Basra, kosztem wielu małych klinik, które były bardziej potrzebne ludności Iraku.
Udział Polski w okupacji Iraku kosztował życie kilkudziesięciu żołnierzy i miliony z kasy polskiego podatnika. Kontrakty przy odbudowie Iraku, na które liczyły polskie firmy, nigdy się nie zmaterializowały. Po takim doświadczeniu, dziwi decyzja wysłania ponad tysiąca żołnierzy polskich na coraz trudniejszą i coraz bardziej krwawą pacyfikację Afganistanu.
Bankierzy i Globalne Imperium
Rewolucja bolszewicka była finansowana przez skarb niemiecki, w celu likwidacji frontu wschodniego, żeby przerzucić masy wojsk niemieckich na front zachodni. Logika tej strategii jest zrozumiała. Natomiast trudniej jest zrozumieć, dlaczego, najbogatsi i najsilniejsi bankierzy na świecie, głównie Żydzi lub ludzie z Żydami blisko skoligaceni, finansowali rewolucję bolszewicką, która obiecywała im konfiskatę ich mienia.
Wśród tych ludzi były takie nazwiska jak Rothschild, Rockefeller, Schiffs, Warburg, Morgan, Harriman i Milner. Logiczną odpowiedzią na to pytanie jest, że jeżeli finansowali oni rewolucję bolszewicką, to znaczy, że się tej rewolucji nie bali, ponieważ ją kontrolowali. Od 1918 roku, klika ta, przekazywała Sowietom nie tylko pomoc finansową, ale co ważniejsze technologię, jak to opisał Antony Sutton w trzech tomach „Zachdnia Technologia i Rozwój Gospodarczy Sowietów,” Stanford University, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.
W Wersalu, w 1918 roku, ta sama klika ustaliła takie granice w Europie, żeby wywołać Drugą Wojnę Światową. Marszałek Ferdynand Foch wówczas wskazał na Wolne Miasto Gdańsk i powiedział „tu zacznie się następna wojna światowa.”
W 1933 roku, finansjera załatwiła uznanie Związku Sowieckiego przez USA i dzięki pomocy finansowej, uratowała Sowiety, przed załamaniem gospodarczym. W tym samym czasie, po obu stronach Atlantyku, bankierzy żydowscy zaczęli udzielać kolosalnych pożyczek nowo-powstałemu rządowi Adolfa Hitlera, która to działalność prowadziła do wybuchu wojny, pożądanej przez finansjerę światową, jako następne stadium budowy globalnego imperium.
Niemcy natomiast mieli ponowną nadzieję zrealizowania planów kolonizacji Rosji, według których to planów, dali oni Rosji ultimatum w 1914 roku: „albo demobilizacja w 12 godzin, albo działania wojenne na froncie niemiecko rosyjskim.” Tak więc, kiedy plany Hitlera były finansowane przez międzynarodową finansjerę, to wtedy znowu użyto do ich realizacji socjalizm, ale tym razem w formie socjalizmu narodowego.
W 1941 roku, ta sama grupa bankierów rzuciła się na pomoc Sowietów. W 1943 roku bankierzy byli reprezentowani przez Arvill’a Harriman’a, zarządzającego amerykańskimi dostawami fabryk i materiałów wojennych do Rosji. Podczas konferencji w Teheranie, uznano Europę Środkowo Wschodnią jako strefę wpływów sowieckich. Harriman osobiście przyczynił się, żeby Alianci dokonali zdrady Polski i ustalili nowe powojenne granice. Narzucili oni komunizm Polsce i innym krajom Europy środkowo wschodniej jako następne stadium prowadzące do globalizacji według Gary’ego Allen’a.
W 1945 roku bankierzy tak pokierowali sytuacją Chin, że umożliwili oni zwycięstwo komunistów. Jedyną logiczną konkluzją tego postępowania elity finansowej świata jest, to, że używali oni komunizmu, jako narzędzia do budowy imperium globalnego. Tak więc oczywiste jest, że komunizm nigdy nie działał jako systemem „obrony proletariatu.”
Wtedy jeszcze, super-bogaci finansiści, starali się kontrolować świat za pomocą i pod płaszczykiem szerzenia socializmu. W USA konspirację super-bogatych, głównie Żydów reprezentowała, Rada Polityki Zagranicznej (Council on Foreign Relations, CFR) według książki Gary’ego Allen’a pod tytułem „Nikt nie śmiał tego nazwać konspiracją” („None Dare Call It Conspiracy”), która ta książka była napisana już 35 lat temu.
Kwatera główna CFR jest na 68 ulicy w Nowym Jorku. Otwarcie głoszonym celem CFR jest według Allen’a, obalenie konstytucji amerykańskiej i ewolucja niepodległej republiki USA w kierunku globalnego imperium („World Government”). Tacy ludzie jak Kissinger urzeczywistniają plany bankierów, głównie Żydów, żeby używać potęgi finansowej by rządzić światem za wszelką cenę, nawet za pomocą dokonywania zbrodni międzynarodowych oraz rozpętywania wojen. Dzisiejsza sytuacja na Bliskim Wschodzie jest spowodowana agresywną taktyką narzucania światu rządów globalnego imperium.
Gra importerów i eksporterów paliwa
Senator Richard Lugar, prezes komisji spraw zagranicznych senatu w Waszyngtonie powiedział, że Rosja, Wenezuela i Iran są przeciwnikami, którzy używają zasobów energii jako dźwigni w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Powiedzenie to Rosjanie określili jako „bezpodstawną rusofobię,” mimo tego USA proponuje Chinom i Indiom układ w celu koordynowania zakupów ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego.
Z końcem września 2006 w Pekinie odbędzie się konferencja USA, Chin, Japonii, Indii i Południowej Koreji, w celu skoordynowania polityki głównych importerów energii na świecie. Ciekawe że nie zaproszono Unii Europejskiej na to zebranie, pewnie z powodu różnic opinii w sprawie Iranu.
Obecnie 77% dostaw energetycznych na świecie jest pod kontrolą innych państw i USA zapłaciło w roku 2005 roku o 17% więcej za import energii, niż w roku poprzednim, kiedy zakupy energii już stanowiły jedną trzecią rocznego deficytu handlowego USA, a w obecnym roku ocenia się koszt tego importu na 320 miliardów dolarów.
Su Jingxiang z instytutu spraw bieżących w Pekinie napisał, że bliższa współpraca ekonomiczna USA z Chinami jest możliwa, w zakresie międzynarodowego handlu paliwem, na podstawie doceniania potencjału rynku chińskiego, oraz zaprzestania przez USA zagarniania terenów pól ropy naftowej za pomocą wojskowych interwencji i ekspansji, ponieważ agresywna amerykańska „gunboat diplomacy” już nie działa ani na Bliskim Wschodzie ani w Ameryce Łacińskiej. Agresywna polityka USA powoduje tylko opór i terroryzm, a nie ułatwia importu do USA płynnego paliwa.
Su Jingxiang napisał, że USA potrzebuje więcej kooperacji z innymi państwami deficytowymi w płynne paliwo, takich jak Indie i Chiny. Byłyby to nowy typ strategicznego partnerstwa, które skonsolidowałoby pertraktacje o ceny importerów płynnego paliwa, co jakoby poprawiłoby ekonomiczny dobrobyt i bezpieczeństwo USA. Su zwrócił uwagę na fakt, że Chiny i USA przedstawiają najbardziej aktywne siły w ekonomii świata i mogą współpracować w eksploatacji ropy naftowej, stabilizacji cen, wprowadzaniu nowoczesnej technologii, oraz energii nuklearnej i energii biomasy.
Kontrolowany przez USA, International Monetary Fund, podniósł udział Chin z 2,98% do 3,72% co oznacza, że Waszyngton popiera większy udział Chin „w sercu gospodarki świata.” Dialog ekonomiczny z Chinami prowadzi Henry Paulson, minister skarbu USA i twierdzi że „ten dialog określa stan globalnej gospodarki w 21szym wieku i ustala stosunki ekonomiczne USA z Chinami.” Chińczycy uważają że „dialog ten będzie miał pozytywny wpływ na gospodarkę światową jak również pokój i bezpieczeństwo na świecie.”
Ostatnio pozycja USA pogarszała się, w związku z agresywną działalnością osi USA-Izrael i stosowanej przez tę oś por-izraelskiej „wojny przeciwko terrorowi,” na którą to działalność Rosja reagowała skuteczną polityką energetyczną. Na szachownicy polityki energetycznej świata Rosja ma ważne osiągnięcia w perspektywie geopolityki 21go wieku.
Rosja kontroluje gazociągi dostarczające gaz ziemny do Turcji, Grecji i Włoch, oraz w niedalekiej przyszłości do Bułgarii, Rumunii, Węgier i Austrii, za pomocą nowego gazociągu „Niebieski Strumień 2” przez Morze Czarne, oraz podwodny rurociąg z Turcji do Izraela, jeżeli Rosja podpisze w tym celu kontrakt z Izraelem. Natomiast rurociąg przez tereny Atlai ma dostarczać gaz ziemny do Chin.
Putin popisał 4go września, 2006 w Atenach, układ a Grecją i z Bułgarią, na rozbudowę rurociągu długiego na 280 km (z Bułgarii do Grecji) kosztem miliarda dolarów z początkowym przepustem 35 milionów ton rocznie, począwszy od 2009 roku. Rurociąg ten umożliwi Rosji eksport, omijając cieśninę Bosforu, w której powstają długie kolejki statków i powodują starty 25,000 dolarów dziennie. W 2004 roku 9,500 statków z naftą przeszło przez Bosfor; natomiast 27,1 milionów ton ropy naftowej było przewiezione na 1000 statków już w ciągu pierwszych pięciu miesięcy 2006 roku.
Nowy rosyjski rurociąg do Grecji ma konkurować z amerykańskim rurociągiem z Baku do Ceyhan, w Południowej Turcji, niedawno uruchomionym. USA przestrzega Turcję i Grecję przeciwko rozbudowie rosyjskich dostaw energetycznych i stworzeniu rosyjskiego monopolu w południowej Europie, za pomocą nowego rurociągu przez Bułgarię i Grecję.
Rurociąg ten jest zwycięstwem Rosji, natomiast USA, też przegrało w Azji Centralnej kiedy podwyżka ceny gazu Turkmanistanu do stu dolarów za tysiąc miliardów metrów kubicznych, została zaakceptowana przez Rosję. Kontrakt ten daje Rosji dostęp do nowych złoży gazu w Jolotanie w Turkmanistanie. Ekskluzywny kontrakt na 16 miliardów dolarów z Turkmenistanem jest bardzo intratny dla Gasprom’u, ponieważ cena płacona przez Rosjan, jest przeszło o połowę niższa, niż cena ustalona na rynku w Nowym Jorku.
USA nie udało się uzyskać zgody na budowę gazociągu Turkmenistan-Afganistan-Pakistan-Indie, który był częścią zjednoczonej strategii „Większej Azji Centralnej” przeciwko Rosji. Ta nieudana strategia, miała też objąć dostawy gazu ziemnego do Europy przez Morze Kaspijskie. W ten sposób nadal trwa zależność Europy od dostaw prawdopodobnie, z upływem czasu, coraz droższego gazu ziemnego z Rosji.
Tak więc Węgry są uzależnione od Rosji na ponad 80% zapotrzebowania w gaz ziemny. Rosja proponuje przedłużenie do Węgier i południowo-wschodniej Europy gazociągu „Niebieski Strumień” idącego z Rosji do Turcji, który o rurociąg konkuruje z projektem USA gazociągu z Turcji do Austrii.
Dla Europy jedyne realistyczne rozwiązanie problemu uzależnienia od wyłącznych dostaw z Rosji, polega na możliwych dostawach gazu ziemnego z Iranu, zwłaszcza że według dzisiejszej prognozy, Unia Europejska, w latach 2015-20, będzie cierpieć na brak dostaw gazu ziemnego, jeżeli nie zostaną uruchomione dostawy z Iranu. Tymczasem Izrael już zamianował generała lotnictwa „dowódcą frontu przeciwko Iranowi.” Tak więc państwo to jest poważnie zagrożone przez oś USA-Izrael i nie wiadomo jakie będą skutki tego zagrożenia.
Tak więc najlepszym potencjalnym klientem Iranu na sprzedaż gazu ziemnego jest rynek europejski, osiągalny za pomocą, nie istniejącego jeszcze, gazociągu przez Turcję. Iran wolałby sprzedawać gaz ziemny do Europy. Rosja natomiast wolałaby, żeby Iran sprzedawał gaz ziemny do Pakistanu, Indii i Chin, za pomocą gazociągu obecnie budowanego przez rosyjski Gazprom.
Starania Chin o gaz ziemny z Kazakstanu, Turkmenistanu i Uzbekistanu zagrażają dominacji Rosji nad eksportem paliwa z Azji Centralnej. Kontrakt podpisany w kwietniu 2006 przez Chiny z Turkmenistanem opiewa na 30 miliardów metrów kubicznych rocznie, przez 30 lat, począwszy od 2009 roku. Konkurencja Rosji i Chin w Azji Centralnej daje szansę na osiąganie wyższych cen za gaz ziemny przez państwa tego regionu.
Putin stara się stworzyć za pomocą Organizacji Kooperacji w Szanghaju porozumienie producentów i konsumentów paliwa, w formie wspólnie finansowanych projektów produkcji oraz transportu paliwa. W sumie wielka gra o zasoby paliwa z regionu Morza Kaspijskiego zawiera w sobie wiele przeciwieństw. Na razie Rosja i UE współpracują, żeby dostarczyć dosyć gazu ziemnego do Europy, pozostawiając USA na boku, podczas gdy dla Europy, ważną alternatywą jest paliwo z Iranu. Niestety Iran jest obecnie zagrażany przez oś USA-Izrael z inspiracji Izraela, który histerycznie broni swojego monopolu nuklearnego na Bliskim Wschodzie i wizji hegemonii Izraela „od Nilu do Eufratu” kultywowanej przez radykalnych syjonistów.
Związek importerów paliwa proponowany przez USA Chinom, niema wielkich szans powodzenia, kiedy Indie już protestują przeciwko wzmacnianiu pozycji Chin przez USA na terenie International Monetary Fund. Związek importerów paliwa ma spotkanie w przyszłym tygodniu w Pekinie, gdzie tłem będzie konkurencja między Rosją jako dostawcą paliwa, przeciwko USA, które chce kontrolować handel paliwem i stworzyć front importerów, w imię zabezpieczenia tak sobie jak i innym importerom regularnych i pewnych dostaw paliwa. Dyskusje na ten temat są publikowane między innymi przez pisma „The Wall Street Journal” i „Asia Times” z 23go września, 2006, przez M. K. Bhadrakumar w artykule pod tytułem „Rosja nadaje tempa w wyścigu energetycznym.”
powrót do strony głównej
Tuesday, September 11, 2007
A year ago some 62% of Poles believed American influence in the world to be "largely positive." That figure has now dropped to 38 percent.
A year ago some 62% of Poles believed American influence in the world to be "largely positive." That figure has now dropped to 38 percent.
The Israel lobby in U.S. strategy Sep 11, 2007
The Israel lobby in U.S. strategy Sep 11, 2007
Posted in: Opinions
Written By: George Friedman *
Article Date: Sep 11, 2007 - 7:33:23 AM
U.S. President George W. Bush made an appearance in Iraq’s restive Anbar province on Sept. 3—in part to tout the success of the military surge there ahead of the presentation in Washington of the Petraeus report. For the next month or two, the battle over Iraq will be waged in Washington—and one country will come up over and over again, from any number of directions: Israel. Israel will be invoked as an ally in the war on terrorism—the reason the United States is in the war in the first place. Some will say that Israel maneuvered the United States into Iraq to serve its own purposes. Some will say it orchestrated 9/11 for its own ends. Others will say that, had the United States supported Israel more resolutely, there would not have been a 9/11.
There is probably no relationship on which people have more diverging views than on that between the United States and Israel. Therefore, since it is going to be invoked in the coming weeks—and Bush is taking a fairly irrelevant pause at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Australia—this is an opportune time to consider the geopolitics of the U.S.-Israeli relationship.
Let’s begin with some obvious political points. There is a relatively small Jewish community in the United States, though its political influence is magnified by its strategic location in critical states such as New York and the fact that it is more actively involved in politics than some other ethnic groups.
The Jewish community, as tends to be the case with groups, is deeply divided on many issues. It tends to be united on one issue—Israel—but not with the same intensity as in the past, nor with even a semblance of agreement on the specifics. The American Jewish community is as divided as the Israeli Jewish community, with a large segment of people who don’t much care thrown in. At the same time, this community donates large sums of money to American and Israeli organizations, including groups that lobby on behalf of Israeli issues in Washington. These lobbying entities lean toward the right wing of Israel’s political spectrum, in large part because the Israeli right has tended to govern in the past generation and these groups tend to follow the dominant Israeli strand. It also is because American Jews who contribute to Israel lobby organizations lean right in both Israeli and American politics.
The Israel lobby, which has a great deal of money and experience, is extremely influential in Washington. For decades now, it has done a good job of ensuring that Israeli interests are attended to in Washington, and certainly on some issues it has skewed U.S. policy on the Middle East. There are Jews who practice being shocked at this assertion, but they must not be taken seriously. They know better, which is why they donate money. Others pretend to be shocked at the idea of a lobbyist influencing U.S. policy on the Middle East, but they also need not be taken seriously, because they are trying to influence Washington as well, though they are not as successful. Obviously there is an influential Israel lobby in Washington.
There are, however, two important questions. The first is whether this is in any way unique. Is a strong Israel lobby an unprecedented intrusion into foreign policy? The key question, though, is whether Israeli interests diverge from U.S. interests to the extent that the Israel lobby is taking U.S. foreign policy in directions it wouldn’t go otherwise, in directions that counter the U.S. national interest.
Begin with the first question. Prior to both World wars there was extensive debate on whether the United States should intervene in the war. In both cases, the British government lobbied extensively for U.S. intervention on behalf of the United Kingdom. The British made two arguments. The first was that the United States shared a heritage with England—code for the idea that white Anglo-Saxon Protestants should stand with white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. The second was that there was a fundamental political affinity between British and U.S. democracy and that it was in the U.S. interest to protect British democracy from German authoritarianism.
Many Americans, including President Franklin Roosevelt, believed both arguments. The British lobby was quite powerful. There was a German lobby as well, but it lacked the numbers, the money and the traditions to draw on.
From a geopolitical point of view, both arguments were weak. The United States and the United Kingdom not only were separate countries, they had fought some bitter wars over the question. As for political institutions, geopolitics, as a method, is fairly insensitive to the moral claims of regimes. It works on the basis of interest. On that basis, an intervention on behalf of the United Kingdom in both wars made sense because it provided a relatively low-cost way of preventing Germany from dominating Europe and challenging American sea power. In the end, it wasn’t the lobbying interest, massive though it was, but geopolitical necessity that drove U.S. intervention.
The second question, then, is: Has the Israel lobby caused the United States to act in ways that contravene U.S. interests? For example, by getting the United States to support Israel, did it turn the Arab world against the Americans? Did it support Israeli repression of Palestinians, and thereby generate an Islamist radicalism that led to 9/11? Did it manipulate U.S. policy on Iraq so that the United States invaded Iraq on behalf of Israel? These allegations have all been made. If true, they are very serious charges.
It is important to remember that U.S.-Israeli ties were not extraordinarily close prior to 1967. President Harry Truman recognized Israel, but the United States had not provided major military aid and support. Israel, always in need of an outside supply of weapons, first depended on the Soviet Union, which shipped weapons to Israel via Czechoslovakia. When the Soviets realized that Israeli socialists were anti-Soviet as well, they dropped Israel. Israel’s next patron was France. France was fighting to hold on to Algeria and maintain its influence in Lebanon and Syria, both former French protectorates. The French saw Israel as a natural ally. It was France that really created the Israeli air force and provided the first technology for Israeli nuclear weapons.
The United States was actively hostile to Israel during this period. In 1956, following Gamal Abdul Nasser’s seizure of power in Egypt, Cairo nationalized the Suez Canal. Without the canal, the British Empire was finished, and ultimately the French were as well. The United Kingdom and France worked secretly with Israel, and Israel invaded the Sinai. Then, in order to protect the Suez Canal from an Israeli-Egyptian war, a Franco-British force parachuted in to seize the canal. President Dwight Eisenhower forced the British and French to withdraw—as well as the Israelis. U.S.-Israeli relations remained chilly for quite a while.
The break point with France came in 1967. The Israelis, under pressure from Egypt, decided to invade Egypt, Jordan and Syria—ignoring French President Charles de Gaulle’s demand that they not do so. As a result, France broke its alignment with Israel. This was the critical moment in U.S.-Israeli relations. Israel needed a source of weaponry as its national security needs vastly outstripped its industrial base. It was at this point that the Israel lobby in the United States became critical. Israel wanted a relationship with the United States and the Israel lobby brought tremendous pressure to bear, picturing Israel as a heroic, embattled democracy, surrounded by bloodthirsty neighbors, badly needing U.S. help. President Lyndon B. Johnson, bogged down in Vietnam and wanting to shore up his base, saw a popular cause in Israel and tilted toward it.
But there were critical strategic issues as well. Syria and Iraq had both shifted into the pro-Soviet camp, as had Egypt. Some have argued that, had the United States not supported Israel, this would not have happened. This, however, runs in the face of history. It was the United States that forced the Israelis out of the Sinai in 1956, but the Egyptians moved into the Soviet camp anyway. The argument that it was uncritical support for Israel that caused anti-Americanism in the Arab world doesn’t hold water. The Egyptians became anti-American in spite of an essentially anti-Israeli position in 1956. By 1957 Egypt was a Soviet ally.
The Americans ultimately tilted toward Israel because of this, not the other way around. Egypt was not only providing the Soviets with naval and air bases, but also was running covert operations in the Arabian Peninsula to bring down the conservative sheikhdoms there, including Saudi Arabia’s. The Soviets were seen as using Egypt as a base of operations against the United States. Syria was seen as another dangerous radical power, along with Iraq. The defense of the Arabian Peninsula from radical, pro-Soviet Arab movements, as well as the defense of Jordan, became a central interest of the United States.
Israel was seen as contributing by threatening the security of both Egypt and Syria. The Saudi fear of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was palpable. Riyadh saw the Soviet-inspired liberation movements as threatening Saudi Arabia’s survival. Israel was engaged in a covert war against the PLO and related groups, and that was exactly what the Saudis wanted from the late 1960s until the early 1980s. Israel’s covert capability against the PLO, coupled with its overt military power against Egypt and Syria, was very much in the American interest and that of its Arab allies. It was a low-cost solution to some very difficult strategic problems at a time when the United States was either in Vietnam or recovering from the war.
The occupation of the Sinai, the West Bank and the Golan Heights in 1967 was not in the U.S. interest. The United States wanted Israel to carry out its mission against Soviet-backed paramilitaries and tie down Egypt and Syria, but the occupation was not seen as part of that mission. The Israelis initially expected to convert their occupation of the territories into a peace treaty, but that only happened, much later, with Egypt. At the Khartoum summit in 1967, the Arabs delivered the famous three noes: No negotiation. No recognition. No peace. Israel became an occupying power. It has never found its balance.
The claim has been made that if the United States forced the Israelis out of the West Bank and Gaza, then it would receive credit and peace would follow. There are three problems with that theory. First, the Israelis did not occupy these areas prior to 1967 and there was no peace. Second, groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah have said that a withdrawal would not end the state of war with Israel. And therefore, third, the withdrawal would create friction with Israel without any clear payoff from the Arabs.
It must be remembered that Egypt and Jordan have both signed peace treaties with Israel and seem not to care one whit about the Palestinians. The Saudis have never risked a thing for the Palestinians, nor have the Iranians. The Syrians have, but they are far more interested in investing in Beirut hotels than in invading Israel. No Arab state is interested in the Palestinians, except for those that are actively hostile. There is Arab and Islamic public opinion and non-state organizations, but none would be satisfied with Israeli withdrawal. They want Israel destroyed. Even if the United States withdrew all support for Israel, however, Israel would not be destroyed. The radical Arabs do not want withdrawal; they want destruction. And the moderate Arabs don’t care about the Palestinians beyond rhetoric.
Now we get to the heart of the matter. If the United States broke ties with Israel, would the U.S. geopolitical position be improved? In other words, if it broke with Israel, would Iran or al-Qaeda come to view the United States in a different way? Critics of the Israel lobby argue that, except for U.S. support for Israel, the United States would have better relations in the Muslim world, and would not be targeted by al-Qaeda or threatened by Iran. In other words, except for the Israel lobby’s influence, the United States would be much more secure.
Al-Qaeda does not see Israel by itself as its central problem. Its goal is the resurrection of the caliphate—and it sees U.S. support for Muslim regimes as the central problem. If the United States abandoned Israel, al-Qaeda would still confront U.S. support for countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. For al-Qaeda, Israel is an important issue, but for the United States to soothe al-Qaeda, it would have to abandon not only Israel, but its non-Islamist allies in the Middle East.
As for Iran, the Iranian rhetoric, as we have said, has never been matched by action. During the Iran-Iraq War, the Iranian military purchased weapons and parts from the Israelis. It was more delighted than anyone when Israel destroyed the Iraqi nuclear reactor in 1981. Iran’s problem with the United States is its presence in Iraq, its naval presence in the Persian Gulf and its support for the Kurds. If Israel disappeared from the face of the Earth, Iran’s problems would remain the same.
It has been said that the Israelis inspired the U.S. invasion of Iraq. There is no doubt that Israel was pleased when, after 9/11, the United States saw itself as an anti-Islamist power. Let us remind our more creative readers, however, that benefiting from something does not mean you caused it. However, it has never been clear that the Israelis were all that enthusiastic about invading Iraq. Neoconservative Jews like Paul Wolfowitz were enthusiastic, as were non-Jews like Dick Cheney. But the Israeli view of a U.S. invasion of Iraq was at most mixed, and to some extent dubious. The Israelis liked the Iran-Iraq balance of power and were close allies of Turkey, which certainly opposed the invasion. The claim that Israel supported the invasion comes from those who mistake neoconservatives, many of whom are Jews who support Israel, with Israeli foreign policy, which was much more nuanced than the neoconservatives. The Israelis were not at all clear about what the Americans were doing in Iraq, but they were in no position to complain.
Israeli-U.S. relations have gone through three phases. From 1948 to 1967, the United States supported Israel’s right to exist but was not its patron. In the 1967-1991 period, the Israelis were a key American asset in the Cold War. From 1991 to the present, the relationship has remained close but it is not pivotal to either country. Washington cannot help Israel with Hezbollah or Hamas. The Israelis cannot help the United States in Iraq or Afghanistan. If the relationship were severed, it would have remarkably little impact on either country—though keeping the relationship is more valuable than severing it.
To sum up: There is a powerful Jewish, pro-Israel lobby in Washington, though it was not very successful in the first 20 years or so of Israel’s history. When U.S. policy toward Israel swung in 1967 it had far more to do with geopolitical interests than with lobbying. The United States needed help with Egypt and Syria and Israel could provide it. Lobbying appeared to be the key, but it wasn’t; geopolitical necessity was. Egypt was anti-American even when the United States was anti-Israeli. Al-Qaeda would be anti-American even if the United States were anti-Israel. Rhetoric aside, Iran has never taken direct action against Israel and has much more important things on its plate.
Portraying the Israel lobby as super-powerful behooves two groups: Critics of U.S. Middle Eastern policy and the Israel lobby itself. Critics get to say the U.S. relationship with Israel is the result of manipulation and corruption. Thus, they get to avoid discussing the actual history of Israel, the United States and the Middle East. The lobby benefits from having robust power because one of its jobs is to raise funds—and the image of a killer lobby opens a lot more pocketbooks than does the idea that both Israel and the United States are simply pursuing their geopolitical interests and that things would go on pretty much the same even without slick lobbying.
The great irony is that the critics of U.S. policy and the Israel lobby both want to believe in the same myth—that great powers can be manipulated to harm themselves by crafty politicians. The British didn’t get the United States into the world wars, and the Israelis aren’t maneuvering the Americans into being pro-Israel. Beyond its ability to exert itself on small things, the Israel lobby is powerful in influencing Washington to do what it is going to do anyway. What happens next in Iraq is not up to the Israel lobby—though it and the Saudi Embassy have a different story.
* Dr. George Friedman is an American political scientist and author. He is the founder, chief intelligence officer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation Stratfor Forecasting, Inc.
Posted in: Opinions
Written By: George Friedman *
Article Date: Sep 11, 2007 - 7:33:23 AM
U.S. President George W. Bush made an appearance in Iraq’s restive Anbar province on Sept. 3—in part to tout the success of the military surge there ahead of the presentation in Washington of the Petraeus report. For the next month or two, the battle over Iraq will be waged in Washington—and one country will come up over and over again, from any number of directions: Israel. Israel will be invoked as an ally in the war on terrorism—the reason the United States is in the war in the first place. Some will say that Israel maneuvered the United States into Iraq to serve its own purposes. Some will say it orchestrated 9/11 for its own ends. Others will say that, had the United States supported Israel more resolutely, there would not have been a 9/11.
There is probably no relationship on which people have more diverging views than on that between the United States and Israel. Therefore, since it is going to be invoked in the coming weeks—and Bush is taking a fairly irrelevant pause at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Australia—this is an opportune time to consider the geopolitics of the U.S.-Israeli relationship.
Let’s begin with some obvious political points. There is a relatively small Jewish community in the United States, though its political influence is magnified by its strategic location in critical states such as New York and the fact that it is more actively involved in politics than some other ethnic groups.
The Jewish community, as tends to be the case with groups, is deeply divided on many issues. It tends to be united on one issue—Israel—but not with the same intensity as in the past, nor with even a semblance of agreement on the specifics. The American Jewish community is as divided as the Israeli Jewish community, with a large segment of people who don’t much care thrown in. At the same time, this community donates large sums of money to American and Israeli organizations, including groups that lobby on behalf of Israeli issues in Washington. These lobbying entities lean toward the right wing of Israel’s political spectrum, in large part because the Israeli right has tended to govern in the past generation and these groups tend to follow the dominant Israeli strand. It also is because American Jews who contribute to Israel lobby organizations lean right in both Israeli and American politics.
The Israel lobby, which has a great deal of money and experience, is extremely influential in Washington. For decades now, it has done a good job of ensuring that Israeli interests are attended to in Washington, and certainly on some issues it has skewed U.S. policy on the Middle East. There are Jews who practice being shocked at this assertion, but they must not be taken seriously. They know better, which is why they donate money. Others pretend to be shocked at the idea of a lobbyist influencing U.S. policy on the Middle East, but they also need not be taken seriously, because they are trying to influence Washington as well, though they are not as successful. Obviously there is an influential Israel lobby in Washington.
There are, however, two important questions. The first is whether this is in any way unique. Is a strong Israel lobby an unprecedented intrusion into foreign policy? The key question, though, is whether Israeli interests diverge from U.S. interests to the extent that the Israel lobby is taking U.S. foreign policy in directions it wouldn’t go otherwise, in directions that counter the U.S. national interest.
Begin with the first question. Prior to both World wars there was extensive debate on whether the United States should intervene in the war. In both cases, the British government lobbied extensively for U.S. intervention on behalf of the United Kingdom. The British made two arguments. The first was that the United States shared a heritage with England—code for the idea that white Anglo-Saxon Protestants should stand with white Anglo-Saxon Protestants. The second was that there was a fundamental political affinity between British and U.S. democracy and that it was in the U.S. interest to protect British democracy from German authoritarianism.
Many Americans, including President Franklin Roosevelt, believed both arguments. The British lobby was quite powerful. There was a German lobby as well, but it lacked the numbers, the money and the traditions to draw on.
From a geopolitical point of view, both arguments were weak. The United States and the United Kingdom not only were separate countries, they had fought some bitter wars over the question. As for political institutions, geopolitics, as a method, is fairly insensitive to the moral claims of regimes. It works on the basis of interest. On that basis, an intervention on behalf of the United Kingdom in both wars made sense because it provided a relatively low-cost way of preventing Germany from dominating Europe and challenging American sea power. In the end, it wasn’t the lobbying interest, massive though it was, but geopolitical necessity that drove U.S. intervention.
The second question, then, is: Has the Israel lobby caused the United States to act in ways that contravene U.S. interests? For example, by getting the United States to support Israel, did it turn the Arab world against the Americans? Did it support Israeli repression of Palestinians, and thereby generate an Islamist radicalism that led to 9/11? Did it manipulate U.S. policy on Iraq so that the United States invaded Iraq on behalf of Israel? These allegations have all been made. If true, they are very serious charges.
It is important to remember that U.S.-Israeli ties were not extraordinarily close prior to 1967. President Harry Truman recognized Israel, but the United States had not provided major military aid and support. Israel, always in need of an outside supply of weapons, first depended on the Soviet Union, which shipped weapons to Israel via Czechoslovakia. When the Soviets realized that Israeli socialists were anti-Soviet as well, they dropped Israel. Israel’s next patron was France. France was fighting to hold on to Algeria and maintain its influence in Lebanon and Syria, both former French protectorates. The French saw Israel as a natural ally. It was France that really created the Israeli air force and provided the first technology for Israeli nuclear weapons.
The United States was actively hostile to Israel during this period. In 1956, following Gamal Abdul Nasser’s seizure of power in Egypt, Cairo nationalized the Suez Canal. Without the canal, the British Empire was finished, and ultimately the French were as well. The United Kingdom and France worked secretly with Israel, and Israel invaded the Sinai. Then, in order to protect the Suez Canal from an Israeli-Egyptian war, a Franco-British force parachuted in to seize the canal. President Dwight Eisenhower forced the British and French to withdraw—as well as the Israelis. U.S.-Israeli relations remained chilly for quite a while.
The break point with France came in 1967. The Israelis, under pressure from Egypt, decided to invade Egypt, Jordan and Syria—ignoring French President Charles de Gaulle’s demand that they not do so. As a result, France broke its alignment with Israel. This was the critical moment in U.S.-Israeli relations. Israel needed a source of weaponry as its national security needs vastly outstripped its industrial base. It was at this point that the Israel lobby in the United States became critical. Israel wanted a relationship with the United States and the Israel lobby brought tremendous pressure to bear, picturing Israel as a heroic, embattled democracy, surrounded by bloodthirsty neighbors, badly needing U.S. help. President Lyndon B. Johnson, bogged down in Vietnam and wanting to shore up his base, saw a popular cause in Israel and tilted toward it.
But there were critical strategic issues as well. Syria and Iraq had both shifted into the pro-Soviet camp, as had Egypt. Some have argued that, had the United States not supported Israel, this would not have happened. This, however, runs in the face of history. It was the United States that forced the Israelis out of the Sinai in 1956, but the Egyptians moved into the Soviet camp anyway. The argument that it was uncritical support for Israel that caused anti-Americanism in the Arab world doesn’t hold water. The Egyptians became anti-American in spite of an essentially anti-Israeli position in 1956. By 1957 Egypt was a Soviet ally.
The Americans ultimately tilted toward Israel because of this, not the other way around. Egypt was not only providing the Soviets with naval and air bases, but also was running covert operations in the Arabian Peninsula to bring down the conservative sheikhdoms there, including Saudi Arabia’s. The Soviets were seen as using Egypt as a base of operations against the United States. Syria was seen as another dangerous radical power, along with Iraq. The defense of the Arabian Peninsula from radical, pro-Soviet Arab movements, as well as the defense of Jordan, became a central interest of the United States.
Israel was seen as contributing by threatening the security of both Egypt and Syria. The Saudi fear of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was palpable. Riyadh saw the Soviet-inspired liberation movements as threatening Saudi Arabia’s survival. Israel was engaged in a covert war against the PLO and related groups, and that was exactly what the Saudis wanted from the late 1960s until the early 1980s. Israel’s covert capability against the PLO, coupled with its overt military power against Egypt and Syria, was very much in the American interest and that of its Arab allies. It was a low-cost solution to some very difficult strategic problems at a time when the United States was either in Vietnam or recovering from the war.
The occupation of the Sinai, the West Bank and the Golan Heights in 1967 was not in the U.S. interest. The United States wanted Israel to carry out its mission against Soviet-backed paramilitaries and tie down Egypt and Syria, but the occupation was not seen as part of that mission. The Israelis initially expected to convert their occupation of the territories into a peace treaty, but that only happened, much later, with Egypt. At the Khartoum summit in 1967, the Arabs delivered the famous three noes: No negotiation. No recognition. No peace. Israel became an occupying power. It has never found its balance.
The claim has been made that if the United States forced the Israelis out of the West Bank and Gaza, then it would receive credit and peace would follow. There are three problems with that theory. First, the Israelis did not occupy these areas prior to 1967 and there was no peace. Second, groups such as Hamas and Hezbollah have said that a withdrawal would not end the state of war with Israel. And therefore, third, the withdrawal would create friction with Israel without any clear payoff from the Arabs.
It must be remembered that Egypt and Jordan have both signed peace treaties with Israel and seem not to care one whit about the Palestinians. The Saudis have never risked a thing for the Palestinians, nor have the Iranians. The Syrians have, but they are far more interested in investing in Beirut hotels than in invading Israel. No Arab state is interested in the Palestinians, except for those that are actively hostile. There is Arab and Islamic public opinion and non-state organizations, but none would be satisfied with Israeli withdrawal. They want Israel destroyed. Even if the United States withdrew all support for Israel, however, Israel would not be destroyed. The radical Arabs do not want withdrawal; they want destruction. And the moderate Arabs don’t care about the Palestinians beyond rhetoric.
Now we get to the heart of the matter. If the United States broke ties with Israel, would the U.S. geopolitical position be improved? In other words, if it broke with Israel, would Iran or al-Qaeda come to view the United States in a different way? Critics of the Israel lobby argue that, except for U.S. support for Israel, the United States would have better relations in the Muslim world, and would not be targeted by al-Qaeda or threatened by Iran. In other words, except for the Israel lobby’s influence, the United States would be much more secure.
Al-Qaeda does not see Israel by itself as its central problem. Its goal is the resurrection of the caliphate—and it sees U.S. support for Muslim regimes as the central problem. If the United States abandoned Israel, al-Qaeda would still confront U.S. support for countries such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. For al-Qaeda, Israel is an important issue, but for the United States to soothe al-Qaeda, it would have to abandon not only Israel, but its non-Islamist allies in the Middle East.
As for Iran, the Iranian rhetoric, as we have said, has never been matched by action. During the Iran-Iraq War, the Iranian military purchased weapons and parts from the Israelis. It was more delighted than anyone when Israel destroyed the Iraqi nuclear reactor in 1981. Iran’s problem with the United States is its presence in Iraq, its naval presence in the Persian Gulf and its support for the Kurds. If Israel disappeared from the face of the Earth, Iran’s problems would remain the same.
It has been said that the Israelis inspired the U.S. invasion of Iraq. There is no doubt that Israel was pleased when, after 9/11, the United States saw itself as an anti-Islamist power. Let us remind our more creative readers, however, that benefiting from something does not mean you caused it. However, it has never been clear that the Israelis were all that enthusiastic about invading Iraq. Neoconservative Jews like Paul Wolfowitz were enthusiastic, as were non-Jews like Dick Cheney. But the Israeli view of a U.S. invasion of Iraq was at most mixed, and to some extent dubious. The Israelis liked the Iran-Iraq balance of power and were close allies of Turkey, which certainly opposed the invasion. The claim that Israel supported the invasion comes from those who mistake neoconservatives, many of whom are Jews who support Israel, with Israeli foreign policy, which was much more nuanced than the neoconservatives. The Israelis were not at all clear about what the Americans were doing in Iraq, but they were in no position to complain.
Israeli-U.S. relations have gone through three phases. From 1948 to 1967, the United States supported Israel’s right to exist but was not its patron. In the 1967-1991 period, the Israelis were a key American asset in the Cold War. From 1991 to the present, the relationship has remained close but it is not pivotal to either country. Washington cannot help Israel with Hezbollah or Hamas. The Israelis cannot help the United States in Iraq or Afghanistan. If the relationship were severed, it would have remarkably little impact on either country—though keeping the relationship is more valuable than severing it.
To sum up: There is a powerful Jewish, pro-Israel lobby in Washington, though it was not very successful in the first 20 years or so of Israel’s history. When U.S. policy toward Israel swung in 1967 it had far more to do with geopolitical interests than with lobbying. The United States needed help with Egypt and Syria and Israel could provide it. Lobbying appeared to be the key, but it wasn’t; geopolitical necessity was. Egypt was anti-American even when the United States was anti-Israeli. Al-Qaeda would be anti-American even if the United States were anti-Israel. Rhetoric aside, Iran has never taken direct action against Israel and has much more important things on its plate.
Portraying the Israel lobby as super-powerful behooves two groups: Critics of U.S. Middle Eastern policy and the Israel lobby itself. Critics get to say the U.S. relationship with Israel is the result of manipulation and corruption. Thus, they get to avoid discussing the actual history of Israel, the United States and the Middle East. The lobby benefits from having robust power because one of its jobs is to raise funds—and the image of a killer lobby opens a lot more pocketbooks than does the idea that both Israel and the United States are simply pursuing their geopolitical interests and that things would go on pretty much the same even without slick lobbying.
The great irony is that the critics of U.S. policy and the Israel lobby both want to believe in the same myth—that great powers can be manipulated to harm themselves by crafty politicians. The British didn’t get the United States into the world wars, and the Israelis aren’t maneuvering the Americans into being pro-Israel. Beyond its ability to exert itself on small things, the Israel lobby is powerful in influencing Washington to do what it is going to do anyway. What happens next in Iraq is not up to the Israel lobby—though it and the Saudi Embassy have a different story.
* Dr. George Friedman is an American political scientist and author. He is the founder, chief intelligence officer, and CEO of the private intelligence corporation Stratfor Forecasting, Inc.
Ameryka pod rządami fundamentalistów protestanckich?

Ameryka pod rządami fundamentalistów protestanckich?
Obecnie toczą się w USA dyskusje na temat: „Jakim sposobem wyjść z Iraku?” („How to find a way out of Iraq?”). Mało kto zdaje sobie sprawę z podstawowego prawa międzynarodowego, według którego Stany Zjednoczone są odpowiedzialne za wszystkie zbrodnie popełnione w Iraku pod okupacją amerykańską. Rząd Bush’a zerwał z jurysdykcją międzynarodowego sądu karnego, ale w wielu państwach istnieją podstawy prawne do aresztowania byłych dygnitarzy amerykańskich jako zbrodniarzy wojennych, takich jak Henry Kissinger i Donald Rumsfeld.
Fundamentaliści protestanccy stanowią jedną trzecią ludzi głosujących w USA i na ich głosach opiera sie rząd Bush’a. Sam Bush był wyleczony z alkoholizmu za pomocą nawrócenia się na wiarę sekty swojej żony, sekretarz stanu Condoleezza Rice jest córką pastora, a żona szefa biura prezydenta, Andrew Card’a, sama jest pastorem. Karen Hughes representantka ideologii Bush’a zagranicą, jest działaczką w jej sekcie protestanckiej, a redaktor przemówień Bush’a, Michael Gerson jest na-nowo-narodzonym ewangielikiem („born again evangelical”) według książki Esther’y Kaplan „ Z poparciem Boga: Bush i Prawica Chrześcijańska,” („With God on Their Side: Bush and the Christian Right”).
Neokonserwatywna ideologia rządu Bush’a nie pochodzi z prac fundamentalistów protestanckich, którzy swoimi głosami dali zwyciestwo w wyborach partii republikańskiej, która to partia w roku 2000 skorzystała ze skandalicznej afery prezydenta-demokraty Bill’a Clinton’a, z młodą Żydówką, co do której to afery Clinton kłamał pod przysięgą. Było to poważnym przestępstwem. Sprawa ta pomogła politycznie jakoby religijnemu George’owi W. Bush’owi.
Neokonserwatywną ideologię stworzyli trockiści, Żydzi, głównie z Nowego Jorku, którzy w miarę upadku komunizmu nawracali się na radykalny syjonizm ale zachowali nadal koncept Trockiego „wojny permanentnej,” tym razem nie dla krzewienia komunizmu ale zamiast komunizmu domagali się krzewienia „liberalnej demokracji” i to za pomocą amerykańskiej maszyny wojennej w ramach tworzenia globalnego imperium. Jednocześnie noekonserwatyści popierają monopol nuklearny Izraela na Bliskim Wschodzie i hegemonię Izraela „od Nilu do Eufratu.”
Ideologia neokonserwatyzmu trafiła na podatny grunt wśród fundamentalistów protestanckich, którzy uwierzyli, że zwycięstwo Izraela nad Arabami jest warunkiem koniecznym dla powrotu Chrystusa na ziemię i że obecnie przeżywamy okres apopkalipsy i że zbliża się koniec świata. Doszło do tego, że w Ameryce fundamentaliści protestenccy nazywani są „chrześcijańskimi syjonistami.” Pisze o tym fenomenie Garry Wills w „New York Review of Books” z 16go listopada, 2006, w artykule pod tytułem „Kraj Rządzony Według Wiary [Fundamentalistów Protestanckich],” („A Country Ruled by Faith.”
Artykuł Wills’a jest ilustrowany karykaturą Bush’a, który, podobny do wilka, udaje że się modli, przykryty futrem owcy, tak jak w bajce wilk udaje owcę. Izrael korzysta z władzy fundamentalistów protestanckich sterowanych przez ideologów neokonserwatyzmu. Doprowadzili oni do uznania przez rząd Busha zabór wodonośnych ziem Palestyńczyków i pogwałcenia przez Izrael granicy zatwierdzonej przez ONZ.
Ostatnio rząd Bush’a odwlekał moment zawieszenia broni, tak żeby siły izraelskie miały dosyć czasu, żeby dokonać gruntownego zniszczenia Libanu i zmasakrować jego ludność za pomocą broni dostarczonej przez USA. Wills analizuje ograniczanie praw obywatelskich i subsydiowanie programów szkolnych i socjalnych sekt protestanckich oraz służby zdrowia z podatków federalnych. Najostrzejszą krytykę autor ten wyraża w części artykułu pod tytułem”Wojna Oparta na Wierze” („Faith Based War”).
Generał William Jerry Boykin jest przez Wills’a cytowany jak powiedział, że nie większość Amerykanów wybrała Bush’a prezydentem, ale że Bush jest prezydentem z woli Pana Boga, żeby nie tylko rządził Ameryką, ale również całym światem i walczył przeciwko muzułmańskiemu szatanowi, który chce zniszczyć USA. Mnister obrony Donald Rumsfeld pochwalił generała Boykin’a który jest gorąco popierany przez kaznodziejów sekt fundamentalistów protestanckich, zwolenników najazdu na Irak. Kaznodzieja Jerry Falwell powiedział: „Bóg chce wojny” („God is pro-war”) i „Ewangielicy w USA są ochroną Izraela” („American Bible Belt is Israeli Safety Belt”).
Pisarz fundamentalista Tim LaHaye jest cytowany przez Wills’a: „Wojna przeciwko wrogom Izraela, znaczy że, jako wrogowie Izraela, są przeciwko Panu Bogu, w obecnym momencie końca świata” („a focal point in the end-time events”); oraz że „Polityka zagraniczna i potęga militarna Ameryki daje możliwość spełnienia przepowiedni w kraju Abrahama, Isaaka i Jakuba.” Nowy odręcznie kaligrafowany przekład Biblji protestanckiej zaczyna się od słów: „O Panie, jesteś Bogiem zemsty i lśnij jako Bóg zemsty” („O Lord, you God of vengeance, you God of vengeance, shine forth!”). („The Wall Street Journal,” 10 października, 2006 strona W-13.)
Klęska USA w Iraku jest czymś niewyobrażalnym dla zaciekłych fundamentalistów protestanckich, którzy stanowią jedną trzecią głosujących Amerykanów. Obecnie dwie trzecie wyborców w USA uważa, że napad na Irak był błędem i z tego powodu rząd Busha przegrał wybory na rzecz demokratów. Demokraci natomiast są zdominowani przez liberałów żydowskich i ich przywódca już powiedział, że „w sprawie Iraku demokraci nie będą przeszkadzać republikanom.” Tak więc Ameryka ma poważne kłopoty w polityce zagranicznej pod rządami fundamentalistów protestanckich i z powodu wpływów lobby żydowskiego.
Wannsee, Madagascar, Lenin, Hitler, and the Jews

Wannsee, Madagascar, Lenin, Hitler, and the Jews
The luxurious mansion known as Wannssee Villa, located at 56-59 Am Grossen Wannsee, today serves as a memorial and museum. It was the site of the briefing, sixty five years ago, which had the purpose to coordinate German ministries to implement the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.” Wannsse Villa served many very different uses. First it belonged to then richest man in Berlin, Dr. Alekxander Helphand, also known as “Parvus,” a leftist Jewish tycoon, who made money as an arms dealer during WWI and handled German subsidies for the Bolshevik Revolution. “Parvus” was one of the lovers of Polish born German communist leader, Rosa Luxemburg (Rozalia Luksenburg, a Jewess who was staunchly opposed to the independence of Poland).
Helphand was the author of the basic plan for Berlin’s strategy, for elimination of the Eastern Front, by crucial German support of the revolution in Russia. Helphand proposed to recruit Vladimir Lenin, a refugee in Switzerland, and obtained virtually unlimited German money, to convert a clique of conspirators, into Russian revolutionary power. Helphand’s plan was first dated on March 9, 1915 and later the date was changed to March 9, 1917, as it is registered in the Journal of the German Foreign Ministry as document A86-WK-11c, secret volume 5. (Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau: “The Merchant of Revolution – The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus),” London, Oxford University Press, 1965)
It is estimated that the German treasury spent equivalent of ten tons of gold, to finance the demoralization and collapse of the eastern front, and make Russia a vassal state of a great German colonial empire. In fact Lenin, whose mother was Jewish, and who surrounded himself, with Jewish revolutionaries, delivered the terms of Russian surrender to Germany in the treaty of Brest Litovsk, signed on March 3, 1918. Lenin was considered a traitor by Russian socialists and for this reason he used mainly Jewish cadres.
Earlier on July 18. 1917 Lenin was accused by the Russian Ministry of Justice under Prime Minster A. F. Kerensky (1881-1970) and was declared guilty of high treason. Evidence was produced in court, that Bolsheviks received huge amounts of money from the German Government. Helphand was exposed as a German agent, in a treasonable cooperation between Bolsheviks and the German Government. The total expenditure of the German treasury, as mentioned above, is estimated at equivalent to ten tons of gold. Lenin, while crossing German territory, had with him on board of his train six million dollars, thanks to German banker Max Warburg.
Leon Trotsky with an American passport and large amount of money in his hand, departed New York on board of the ship SS. Kristianiafiord, on March 27, 1917 together with 275 Jewish revolutionaries. They were detained in Halifax, Nova Scottia, by the Canadians, who logically thought, that Trotsky may help to stage a revolution in Russia, which would allow a diversion of large number of German soldiers to the Western Front and cause more Canadian soldiers to be killed there.
However, after five days of detention, Trotsky and company were released upon intervention of Sir William Wiseman, partner of Kuhn and Loeb financial firm, and they continued their voyage to St. Petersburg, where they met Lenin in April 1917 in the Russian capital, then in a state of complete anarchy.
The Bolsheviks were not a strong political force when Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on the 15th of March, 1917. Despite this fact, a year later, Lenin was in position, to issue personally, the criminal order to execute the entire family of the tsar in Yekatyrenburgu by a Jewish death squad.
According to a well documented book by Gary Allen entitled “None Dare Call it Conspiracy” Lenin and Trotsky were able to use the money, they brought with them from the U.S. and from Germany, to bribe corrupt Russian officials and hire criminal gangs to grab control of the Russian state, in the middle of an unprecedented anarchy. Lenin and Trotsky proclaimed that “all powers were in the hands of the soviets.” In reality over 95% of the population was against the Bolshevik coup, and had to be coerced by brutal and deadly terror.
It took years for the Soviet power to be consolidated in all of Russia. When about a quarter of a million prisoners, serving time since revolution of 1905, were set free, they contributed to the creation of anarchy in Russia and fall of the Kerenski government, a government which was in process of trying Lenin and Trotsky for high treason. One should remember that Lenin and Trotsky did not arrive in Russia because the masses wanted them there. They did arrive to autocratic Russia because of politics of Berlin and of Washington.
It should be noticed that the brother of Max Warburg, who resided in Germany, Paul Warburg, was the main architect of the Federal Reserve System in U.S., an institution which played key role in financing American war effort during World War One, while Paul Warburg was its director. Federal Reserve serves as the central bank in control of the monetary policy of U.S. and it has been from the beginning controlled by Jews, and operated legally, free of any veto by the president of the United States.
Allen writes that the Federal Reserve System is a tool used by Jewish conspiracy, thanks to which, international bankers are able to increase, without any limits, state debts and derive from these debts colossal profits, using compounded interest and there by have control over governments unable to pay their debts. During the Wilson administration U.S. debt increased by 800% and it is increasing fast during Bush’s “war on terror,” especially because now the government of the United States, free of the gold standard, has monopoly to legally print dollar notes in any amount necessary to prevent bankruptcy and maintain dollars as the reserve currency in central banks and in trade on the world market of such commodities as crude oil, for example. The dollar printing monopoly makes dollars the safest currency in the world despite the huge deficits in foreign trade, for which deficit U.S. pays mainly with treasury bonds with guaranteed face value.
Two month before the Federal Reserve Act was passed, the conspiring bankers created the instrument for payment of the astronomical state debts, in form of the federal income tax proportional to personal income, just as Karl Marks had demanded earlier, in his Communist Manifesto.
The bankers had reserved for themselves tax exemptions to minimize their tax burden and freely invest in revolutionary movements and war strategies, which serve the purpose of centralization of power in the name of homeland security etc. which today favors Jewish neo-conservatives and gives them a chance to control the government by means of military-industrial-Zionist complex and to collect their profits and compound interests.
Allen believes that during World War One, Bernard Baruch had full control over the US economy, as the head of the “War Industries Board.” This board had been planned twenty years earlier by banker-conspirators. Baruch then obtained for himself over $200 million, in today’s dollars worth billions.
Paul Warburg had to resign from the Federal Reserve System, when it became known in America that his brother Max Warburg, was in charge of German state finances. The third of Warburg brothers, Felix, was a son-in-law of Jacob Schiff, who was the main partner of the New York firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. in which firm the three Warburg brothers were also partners. Max Warburg was also in charge of Rothschild bank in Frankfurt, Germany.
Jacob Schiff successfully financed Leon Trotsky, with some $20 million and according to the book by a Russian general Arsene de Goulevich, “Tsardom and the Revolution,” received from Lenin’s government $100 million in gold during 1918-1922, paid directly to the firm Kuhn, Loeb & Co. in New York.
Bolshevik Revolution was financed also by Max Warburg and Olaf Aschberg using money from “Nye Banken” in Stockholm, Sweden. Schiff spent millions for the overthrow of the tsarist government first, then of the Kerensky government and at the same time he spent ten million dollars for help for Jewish population in Russia.
Gary Allen writes that the same bankers dominated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and prepared the next world war by financing Hitler’s regime, as a “reaction” to Bolshevism and as a trigger mechanism for the Second World War. It is known that at Versailles, in 1918, the French marshal Ferdinand Foche pointed to the free city of Gdańsk and correctly predicted that Gdańsk would be the pretext to start the WWII.
The career of Aleksander Helphand, the famous owner of the Wannsee palacial residence in Berlin, is described in the book by Z. A. B. Zeman and W. B. Scharlau: “The Merchant of Revolution – The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus),” London, Oxford University Press, 1965.
Israel Elephand was born in Berezino, 90 miles east of Wilno, in Minsk province, where poor, mostly illiterate Jews accounted for about half of the population. His first language was Yiddish, which he learned to read and write with Hebrew characters. As a child he spoke very little Polish or Russian. He lived in self-contained Jewish community, for which trade and sex outside marriage, were the only links with the gentiles.
Elephand-Helphand learned Russian and discarded rigid ritual, after his parents moved south to Odessa in 1870. By 1882 he started developing revolutionary believes and read Russian translation of Marks’s “Das Kapital.” He traveled first time outside Russia at the age of nineteen in 1886. Helphand accepted Marks’s revolutionary doctrine and studied history and political economy at the University of Basel, Switzerland in 1888-1891.
His major subject was “Contemporary Economic and Political Problems of Capitalism and Socialism.” He has graduated as doctor of philosophy on July 8, 1891. At that time he considered Germany as the key to Western Europe. For years he lived in poverty and started using pen-name “Parvus” (“barefoot” in the Bavarian dialect).
Helphand was deported from Berlin and in 1893 and a year later worked in Leipzig for “Volkeszeitung.” He soon became editor of the “Arbeiterzeitung.” By 1900 Hephand’s works had such titles as: “Proletariat to use social revolution to destroy capitalism,” “Revolution as the main aim,” and “Only power mattered – everything was permissible.”
In 1903 Helphand tutored Leon Trotsky on strategy of mass strikes and Marks’s original “revolution in permanence,” which later became Trotsky’s “permanent war for communism.” A century later, with the decline of communism, Jewish followers of Trotsky in New York, converted to radical Zionism and created the ideology of neo-conservatism, this time based on a “permanent war for democracy,” for building of a global empire and for benefit of the future hegemony of the state of Israel “from Niles in Egypt to Eufrates in Iraq.”
In 1906, using false papers as Karl Wawerk he traveled in Russia, was caught by the tsarist police and was sent to Siberia without trial, by an administrative decision. Helphand-Wawerk manged to escape. Upon return to Germany Helphand wrote on “Unity of world market and need for free trade as good for revolution.”
In November 1906 he returned to Germany and received mail as “Peter Klein” and became lover of Rosa Luxemburg, Polish-Jewish communist active in Germany. Born to a Jewish family in Zamość in Congress Poland as Rosalia Luksenburg, on March 5, 1870, she had a growth defect and was physically handicapped all her life, which ended tragically, when on January 15, 1919, she was knocked out with a riffle butt and afterwards shot in the head by a member of German nationalist militia known as Freikorps. Her body was thrown into a nearby river. During the years of her political activities she called for a “dictatorship of the proletariat” and always strongly opposed the independence of Poland.
Luxemburg was on January 1, 1919 one of the creators of the Communist Party of Germany (KDP), which took part in German national assembly. KDP participated in the founding of the Weimar Republic, politically dominated by Jews, who established military and industrial cooperation with the Soviet Union. Before the death of the president Hindenburg, the German Army changed the course of history, and nominated Adolph Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
Twenty three years earlier in 1910 Dr. Alexander Helphand arrived in Turkey and became a successful arms merchant, trader and a political consultant to the Turkish government. After June 28, 1914 the killings in Sarayevo became known in Turkey, he also learned about the ultimatum issued by Berlin to Russia “to demobilize in twelve hours or be in the state of war with Germany,” Helphand preached that “German victory is best for the Turks.” He became propagandist of German victory and wrote the plan registered on March 9, 1915, for subversion of Russia, as mentioned above.
Helphand became leading advisor of the German government and obtained formal withdrawal of the deportation order of 1893, as well as, a permit to travel freely in Germany. As stated above, Helphand obtained unlimited German money to convert a clique of conspirators into Russian revolutionary power. He very strongly opposed independence of Poland, as did all Jewish international organizations including conservatives, Zionists and leftists. Alexander Helphand died of heart attack on December 12, 1924 as the richest man in Berlin in his palatial residence located in Wannsee. In the same building in January, 1942 was held the ill-famous event called “Wannsee Conference,” which in reality was a briefing for Nazi bureaucracy how to proceed with the new program for “the final solution of the Jewish question,” which replaced the revious Nazi program of evacuation of European Jews to the island of Madagascar.
The huge fortune of Aleksander Helphand, the owner of the Wannsee palace, was made by taking advantage of the fact, that the German government financed the Bolshevik revolution in order to liquidate the eastern front, so that masses of German soldiers could be sent from the east to fight on the western front. The situation of Berlin government deteriorated after the Zionists helped to bring the United States into the war against Germany.
The logic of the risky German strategy is understandable because of the dire situation of Germany, which found itself in a two front war. However, it is harder to understand why the richest and the strongest bankers in the world, mainly Jews, or people closely related to them, financed the Bolshevik revolution, which was promising the confiscation of their wealth.
Among these bankers were such names as Rothschild, Rockefeller, Schiff, Warburg, Morgan, Harriman and Milner. Now it is clear that they were not afraid of the Bolshevik revolution, because they controlled it. This clique helped the Soviets financially, and what is more important by the transfer of western technology. Anthony Sutton described this process in the three volumes of the book on the “Western Technology and the Economic Development of the Soviets,” Stanford University, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace.
Jewish intervention for helping to bring the U.S. into the war was rewarded by the British government with the proclamation of “Jewish Homeland” in Palestine in a memorandum addressed to Sir Walter Rothschild, the chief Zionist in England. Known as Balfour Declaration it was signed by Arthur Balfour, British Foreign Minister and dated on November 2, 1917.
The Balfour Declaration was given to the Zionists for their help to bring the U.S. into a war that was strongly resisted by powerful political anti-war forces, which included the first wife of President Wilson. However his second wife was pro-Zionist and she was for the U.S. participation in the war, as it is was described by J. Comelius in “The Hidden History of the Balfour Declaration.” Actually the British were under Jewish pressure earlier, and already in 1903, they proposed “Jewish Homeland in Uganda.” Later, as the Uganda offer did not work, Balfour said to Zionist leader Chaim Wiesman in 1915: “When the shooting is over, you will get Jerusalem.”
When in August 1914, Germany attached Russia, according to the plans of general Schliffen, France was to be defeated quickly, and Russia was to be conquered over a few year period in order to became a colony of the German Empire. However the trench war from Switzerland all the way to the sea shores became stabilized, in a no win situation, already by the end of 1914. The British offensive of 60,000 soldiers in the middle of 1916 was unsuccessful and loses on both sides were about one million killed.
Despite the strength of the pacifist movement in the U.S. the relations with Germany worsened after the Germans attacked on May 7, 1915 the ship “Lusitania” and caused the drowning of some 1200 passengers. Then they attacked the ship “Arabic” on August 19, 1915 and followed with the attack on the ship “Sussex.” Meanwhile, secret new understanding between the British and the Zionists, started in October of 1916, and resulted in major changes in the governments in London and in Berlin.
In 1912 the Germans helped to build a Jewish technical institute in Haifa and in August 1914 the Zionists proposed creation by Germany of a Jewish state on Polish territory, with the capital in Lublin, as a German protectorate, on the future eastern postwar borders of Germany and Austria. The Zionist leader in Berlin, Frantz Oppenheimer assured the government in Berlin that he was German to “the last drop of blood.” (Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, “Jews in Poland: A Documentary History: The Rise of The Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel,” New York 1993, Hippocrene Books Inc. page 297,)
Lloyd George became British Prime Minister of a “war cabinet” and Balfour became the Minister of Foreign Affairs on December 6, 1916. Berlin’s peace offer of December 18 was rejected by Lloyd George, who promised to fight to final victory. This in turn caused intensification of the attacks by German submarines and led to the break of the diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Germany, while the British government was near financial ruin and, in reality, could be bailed out only by the United States.
Zionist agent in German Foreign Ministry, Herr von Kemnitz, betrayed his boss Minister Zimmermann and passed to the British, German secret codes #7500. On January 1917 Tsar Nicolas abdicated and social-democratic government of Aleksander Kerensky was formed, with approval of the U.S. government and of the Zionists leadership.
U.S. declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917 and the British gave credit for this fact to the Zionists and gave them in return the declaration on the “Jewish Homeland” in Palestine in November, 1917. Bolshevik coup gave power to Lenin, also in November 1917. On Lenin’s order, as mentioned above, a Jewish death squad, murdered the entire family of the last Tsar of Russia.
Despite the hostility of all international Jewish organizations, the Poles declared the independence of Poland, on November 11, 1918, as the ceasefire ended the hostilities of World War One. The war ended after a protracted period of blocking of German credits by Jewish bankers worldwide. Also Jewish leaders in German labor unions were able to conduct crippling strikes in German armament industry.
Thus, the Balfour Declaration constituted a payment in return for Jewish role in the defeat of Germany in World War One, while the role of the Jews in the overthrowing of the Russian government, by means of the Bolshevik coup, also was of a fundamental importance for the eventual creation of the state of Israel in Palestine.
During Soviet invasion of Poland in 1920, Lenin attempted to overrun Poland and form a Moscow-Berlin axis, in order to start a world wide communist revolution. General Mikhail Tukhachevsky gave the order to the Red Army on July 4, 1920: “To the west, over the corpse of ‘White Poland,’ on the road to the worldwide conflagration.” (Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. “Poland an Illustrated History,” New York: Hippocrene Books Inc., 2000. Page 17.)
There were some six million communists in Germany in 1920, led by people such as mentioned above, Roza Luxemburg (Rozalia Luksenburg), midst bitterness caused by the defeat in 1918. At the time many Germans were ready to accept a communist government, in return for the acquisition of western Poland and the Gdańsk Pomerania region, lands of the former Prussian Partition of Poland, once those lands were occupied by the Red Army.
In 1933 the United States extended a formal recognition of the USSR under the pressure of financiers, mostly Jews. Thus, U.S. saved the Soviets from an economic collapse. At the same time Jewish dominated financiers gave huge loans to the government of Adolph Hitler in order to bring about the WWII, as the next step on the road to a global empire described in the New York Times bestseller “Confessions of an Economic Hit Man” by John Perkins (published by Plume, Penguin Group in 2006). Socialism including the national socialist variety was then useful tool to shape the world for the ultimate goal of one world government.
The Polish victory destroyed Lenin’s hope for the world revolution in the battles of Warsaw and on the Memel River during the Polish-Soviet war of 1920. Polish victory resulted in years of Soviet retaliation against Polish minority in the USSR. Twenty years later the Soviets would avenge this defeat. This happened in 1939, when Poles defended their independence and ruined Hitler’s “best case scenario” for the conquest of the “Lebensraum” for the next 1000 years.
The chronology of Hitler’s efforts to form the Anti-Komintern Pact, and to start a two-front war against the Soviet Union was described in detail by Ambassador Jozef Lipski documented in his book "Diplomat in Berlin 1933-39" Hitler's declarations since Aug. 5, 1935, stating that good Polish-German relations were of primary importance to him. He proposed an alliance against Russia, military cooperation, an air pact, etc. However, the government of Poland knew that the essence of the policies of the Nazi government, at all times, was the implementation of the doctrine of Lebensraum which meant eventual annexation by Germany of Poland and other Slavonic countries between the Baltic and the Black Sea.
Stalin fearful of a two front war by Germany and Japan against the USSR decided to stop the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuko by a Soviet offensive in August 1939. According to The Oxford Companion to World War II (Oxford University Press, 1995) Soviet general Grigory Zhukov was the first in history to use the blitz-krieg tactics. These tactics were developed jointly by the Germans and the Soviets on Soviet polygons after the Treaty of Rapallo of April 16, 1922. From May 28, 1939 on the largest air battles in history up to that time were fought in Asia and involved 140 to 200 Soviet and Japanese aircraft (A. Stella, Khalkhin-Gol, "The Forgotten War", Journal of Contemporary History, 18, 1983).
Stalin, concerned that the Japanese aimed to cut the Trans-Siberian railway, send Zhukov to organize a counteroffensive using 35 infantry battalions, 20 cavalry squadrons, 500 aircraft and 500 of the new and powerful tanks. This force locally outnumbered the forces of the advancing Kwantung Army. On August 20, Zhukov launched a surprise offensive and in ten days inflicted massive casualties on the Japanese. "Zhukov's essential achievement lay in combining tanks, artillery, aircraft and men in an integrated offensive for the first time in modern war. By 31 August, the Russians have completed what they described as “the most impeccable encirclement of the enemy army” since Hannibal beat the Romans at Cannae. The 23rd Division of the Kwantung Army was virtually wiped out, and at least 18,000 Japanese were killed."(P. Snow "Nomonhan -the Unknown Victory", History Today, July 1990).
Hitler thought that he would have on his side some 600 divisions, including 220 Japanese divisions, this shown on pages 214 and 215, in the above mentioned Pogonowski’s “Poland An Illustrated History History.” Maps of Hitler’s “best case scenario” are compared there with the actual events. Hitler called the coming conflict "the war of the engines" ("Motorenkrieg"). Ironically the German army used 600,000 horses in addition to the 200,000 trucks, which were less dependable than the horses according to Stephen Badsey, "World War II Battle Plans" 2000, p. 96.
Actually, the Polish Army destroyed in combat one third of German tanks and one fourth of the airplanes used against it. German records indicate that in order to defeat the French and British armies in 1940, the Germans used less than half as much ammunition, artillery shells, and bombs than was used against the Poles in September 1939. Polish forces stayed engaged against Germany after the bloody battles of September 1939. However, the crucial role of Poland was the derailment of Hitler's strategy already in January 1939.
In 1941 the Jewish dominated international bankers mobilized help for the Soviets. In 1943 at the Teheran Conference these bankers were represented by Arvill Harriman, who had a Jewish wife and was in charge of the aid from the U.S. to the Soviets in form of entire factories and huge war supplies. At Teheran, Harriman personally contributed to the betrayal of Poland and the decision of Roosevelt and Churchill to extend the Soviet postwar sphere of interest to include Poland with the rest of East Central Europe as the next stage on the road towards the global empire, described by Gary Allen 35 years ago and more recently by John Perkins in their books mentioned above.
Hitler’s government tried to forcibly relocate the entire Jewish population of Europe to the French island colony of Madagascar, off the coast of Africa. It happened a little more than a year before, the event known as the “Wannsee Conference” on January 20, 1942, the briefing that proclaimed and organized the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” by Nazi civilian government and SS officials.
In May 1940 H. Himmler stated in his “Reflections on the treatment of People of Alien Races in the East” in his words: “I hope that the concept of Jews will be completely extinguished through the possibility of a large migration of all Jews to Africa…” Hitler’s victory in France seemed by then certain and therefore French colonies would be under German control. Hitler hoped to conclude a favorable peace treaty with England, which was to experience German aerial bombardment and was expected to capitulate as quickly as did the French. The Nazis hoped that the French and the British navy would be at their disposal, for use in the evacuation of all Jews from Europe.
Evacuation plan was set in motion by the Jewish Department of the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on June 3, 1940. However Jewish intelligentsia was to be held by the Nazis as hostage against American Jews. On August 15th, 1940, Adolf Eichman released text “Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagascar Projekt” according to which one million Jews per year were to be shipped from Europe to Madagascar over the period of four years.
Hans Frank, the ruler of the General Government of occupied Poland supported the project of resettlement of four million Jews to Madagascar, rather than deportation of European Jews to Poland. Deportation of Jews to Poland was stopped on July 10, 1940 as well as the construction of the Warsaw ghetto was also stopped, according to “Wikipedia.org /Madagascar Plan.”
Nazis pretended to give autonomy to Jewish settlement on Madagascar and the Wafen SS was to control and oversee Jewish government on the island and convert it into a “super ghetto” organized as a police state. By June 18, Hitler and Ribbentrop discussed the Madagascar Plan with Mussolini. Goering’s office was to oversee the administration of Jewish economics within the Madagascar Plan, also called “Four Year Plan.”
In Summer of 1940 Hitler had a feeling of victory. France was ready to capitulate and Hitler hoped that Britain after heavy bombardment would do the same. Thus, the Nazis expected that the French would turn over the Madagascar colony to Germany in the peace treaty and French and British navies were to be used for transportation of Jews from Europe to Madagascar as stated above. Nazi failure in the Battle of Britain, in which Polish pilots played a significant role, spelled out the collapse of Hitler’s notion about the use of the British fleet for evacuation of the Jews from Europe. Thus, by early December or slightly over a year before the “Wannsee Conference” took place, the Madagascar Plan was abandoned entirely by the Nazis.
However, many of the Holocaust profiteers and other members of the Holocaust Industry, do not like to mention the Madagascar Plan or even to admit the significance of the “Wannsee Briefing,” because apparently they would like to claim that the decision to commit the crime of genocide of the Jewish population was decided upon much earlier in Germany or possibly in other areas of Christianity.
Now let us take a little closer look at the Wansee briefing called the “Wansee Conference.” To begin with, this meeting happened soon after the crushing defeat of Hitler’s army in the battle for Moscow. Thus, while the Madagascar deportation plan was conceived during expectation of Nazi victory on the western front, a little more than a year later, the plan for the “Final Solution” was conceived in the realization, that Nazi defeat was possible, especially since the Japanese did not attack the Soviet Siberian army.
Actually, Joahim von Ribbentrop tried on March 28, 1941, in Berlin to convince count Oshima, the Ambassador of Japan, to deliver a "crushing blow" against the USSR together with Germany. The Germans wanted the Japanese to cut the trans-Siberian railway in eastern Asia and to attack Vladivostok. However the Japanese remembered "Hitler's Nazi-Soviet Pact of 23 August 1939,’ which pact was seen by the Japanese government as a betrayal of the anti-Comintern Pact. This fact reinforced Japan's decision to use Hitler, but never to trust him. The Nazi-Soviet pact was announced during a Japanese military disaster. ... Hostilities ended officially on September 16, 1939..." and the Soviets were free to invade Poland the next day (Laurie Barber, "Checkmate at the Russian Border: Russian-Japanese Conflict before Pearl Harbour", 2000).
In 1941 when the Germans were advancing deep into Russia, Richard Sorge, the Soviet spy in Tokyo, had before November 1, 1941, informed Stalin that Japan will not resume attacks against USSR in Asia. However, the Japanese sunk several Soviet ships and increased their forces in Korea and Manchuria as if they were planning to attack the Soviets.
Next month, Hitler declared war on the United States four days after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Apparently Hitler made his decision hopping in vain for a Japanese attacks on the USSR, while he was getting reports about American Navy's armed intervention against German submarines in the Atlantic. After the naval battle on Sept 4, 1941 between the USS Grear and a German submarine, President Roosevelt publicly ordered US Navy to shoot on sight any German submarine. ("Oxford History of the American People", Oxford University Press, 1965).
The situation of the German Army on the eastern front suddenly worsened. "On 1 December, [1941] Army Group Centre made a last all-out attack to take Moscow, but the balance of forces favored the defender. ... At down of 3 December, Zhukov's Siberian divisions [100,000 men with 300 tanks and 2000 artillery pieces] crushed through the extended flanks of the [German] Army Group Centre." (Stephen Badsey, "World War II Battle Plans" 2000, p. 98).
The Nazis believed that with the defeat, millions of legendary “Ost Juden” or eastern Jews could migrate into Germany. The possibility of this Jewish migration was what the Nazis wanted to preempt because of their racism and fear of communist victory as well as a fear of Jewish domination, which Germans have already experienced during the Weimar Republic and remembered the horrors such as the Jewish led “Red Republic” of Bavaria.
Actually the legend of the “Ost Juden” or “Beteljuden” was very strongly cultivated by German Jews, who fought for the domination of the German society and did not want the migration of masses of poor Jews from the East. We have to look back to the “golden decade” of Jewish exploitation of Ukraine. The “golden decade” ended with the Chmielnicki’s uprising which erupted in 1648 and slaughtered about 100,000 people. At that time, Ukraine was a province of Poland. The word “Ukraina” is a Polish word meaning the “borderland.”
According to professor Israel Shahak, Jewish leadership in Poland concluded, after the mass killing in the Ukraine, that the Jews will be evicted from Poland in the same way as they have been repeatedly evicted from England, France, individual German states and from Spain.
Jewish financiers started moving their capital out of Poland to Berlin, where they helped to finance the creation of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, which Kingdom in 1772 initiated partitions of Poland, at the time under Russian domination. The crime of partitions destroyed the Polish State after nearly a thousand year long history, rich in cultural and political developments. Poland at times was one of the leading powers in Europe during the period from 840 to 1795.
The crime of partition of Poland (1772-1795) violated the Treaty of Westfalia of 1648, at the same time, the size of the Kingdom of Prussia more than doubled, so that it could dominate the 350 independent states and principalities on German territory and eventually unite the whole of Germany, with the capital in Berlin, in 1871. Up till then majority of the population of Prussia was Polish speaking and was exposed to very cruel “boot camp” routines to become Prussian soldiers.
During the take over of Polish provinces, which began in 1772 and ended in 1795 the wealthy and influential Jews, who had ambitions to dominate the Government in Berlin, used the Prussian army to chase out of the new provinces of Prussia the masses of poor Jews, whom they called “Beteljuden,” because they were often seen carrying with them their bed covers. Rich Jews did not like to use poor Jewish girls as servants and they preferred Christian girls, whom they contemptuously called “shiksas.”
Hitler’s grandmother named Schickelgruber served as a maid in a Jewish household in Vienna and after becoming pregnant returned to her village. There her son Alois was called “Jewish bastard.” Eventually she married and her son Alois Schickelgruber was adopted by a man named Hitler. Had Alois’ kept his original name, the grandson the servant girl, named Adolph, would have had hard time after 1933, to make people under the Nazi rule greet each other with words “Heil Schickelgruber” instead of “Heil Hitler” or “Heil Sieg.”
The Jews who dominated the Weimar Republik were against mass migration of poor Jews from the East and they helped to keep alive the propaganda against the “Ost Juden,” which propaganda eventually turned deadly for all the Jews in Nazi occupied Europe during WWII. It should be noticed that in the U.S. during the war, rich Jews with German background, did not protest against the atrocities committed on the Jews by the Nazis.
Thus, by the end of January 1942 Jews became the number one target of Nazi killings. Up till then the Polish leadership community was mass murdered starting on September 1, 1939. However, the Polish leadership community continued to be exterminated by Nazis as well as by the Soviets. Unlike Poles the Jews were not victims of mass murder by the Soviets and often many of them served as communist commissars and executioners.
Jews in the NKVD were among Soviet mass killers of the Poles at Katyn and many other places of execution of Poles listed on the NKVD “Katyn List” of 27,000 people, mainly Polish officers, prisoners of war (POW) in 1939-1941. Communist terror was formed in the tradition of the 1000 years of terror of the Rabbis exercised over Jewish communities as described in the books of Israel Shahak and other Jewish writers. The Soviets and their terror apparatus returned to Poland with the retreat of Hitler’s army in 1944.
The death squads, the Einsatzgruppen, were conducting executions of Jews and Communists from the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The head of the Nazi terror apparatus Reinhold Heydrich issued an order to the Nazi death squads, to take advantage of mass executions of some 30,000 Polish citizens by the NKVD in Soviet prisons during the Summer of 1941. The Nazi executioners were to eradicate evidence of their crimes and to pretend that the relatives, of the Polish victims of the NKVD, were taking vengeance on the Jewish collaborators of Soviet executioners, in such localities as Jedwabne, for example.
Later Jedwabne was exploited by the Holocaust Industry as a “recycling” of the Nazi propaganda scheme in movies and books about Catholic neighbors killing Jewish neighbors. Holocaust Industry spreads this propaganda in order to claim some $65 billion in damages from Poland, for the benefit of the Holocaust profiteers themselves. Poles in general are sick and tired of the constant barrage of slander by the Holocaust Industry that falsely describes Catholic Poles and the entire Catholic Church under pope Pius XII, as partners of the Nazis in the killing of Jews.
Unfortunately very few people in the West realize that Auschwitz was intended and was used to serve as the extermination site to kill Polish leadership. The continuing slanderous campaign in the media is conducted by the Holcaust profiteers and people who support them. This activity is well described by Norman Finkelstein in his book “Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering.”
Nazi genocidal intentions towards the Jews are documented most completely in the documentary record covering the Wannsee meeting, in which there is a Nazi estimate of eleven million Jews, including five million Jews in the Soviet Union, which was obviously inaccurate. The minutes of this meeting survived the war. Senior members of the key ministries and institutions were to conduct the deportation and extermination of the Jews at installations designated for this purpose.
During the Nuremberg Trials these minutes of the Wannsee meeting were used extensively and proved that the strategy for removing the Jews from Nazi Germany was changing from encouraging emigration to requiring deportation, forced labor and then systematic killing process, after Jews lost any value as hostages, once Hitler declared war against the United States.
High estimates include 1,200,000 Jews killed by Nazi death squads, the Einsatzgrupen, 3,000,000 in the death camps, 500,000 in main concentration camps and 500,000 in the ghettos including transportation, or in sum possibly over five million Jew, mostly poverty stricken people (Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, “Jews in Poland: A Documentary History: The Rise of The Jews as a Nation from Congerssus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel,” New York 1993, Hippocrene Books Inc. page 326,)
A detailed estimate of mass killings during the twentieth century of a total of 216 million people was made by Milton Leitenberg, of the Center for International Security Studies. There are other estimates of the number of victims, however, all of them agree, that during the twentieth the largest number of people was killed, during the entire history of mankind.
Tragic losses of the Jews represent less than three percent of the total human loses during the twentieth century, which century therefore is often called by historians the “century of death.” Wars and communist governments were the main culprits. In both major causes of suffering, Jewish bankers and ideologues, as well as executioners, played a major role.
The Prime Minister of the Polish Government-in-Exile, General Władysław Sikorski issued the only wartime appeal to stop Nazi genocide in occupied Poland. The urgent appeal was primarily addressed to the governments of the United States and Great Britain. On December 10, 1942, it called for immediate bombing the access railways, gas chambers, and crematoria, among other measures of retaliation and punishment against Nazi Germany. Sikorski’s government published the text of the appeal in an official brochure of the Minister of Foreign Affairs: “The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland” (Huchinson & C0 LTD, London, New York, 1942).
Discussion of Jewish fate in Europe during WWII should not exclude the topic of the book “Hitler’s Jewish Soldiers,” by Bryan Mark Rigg, University Press of Kansas, 2002, in which the author refutes the idea that "All Jews Were Victims" of the Holocaust because: “Not every one who had Jewish ancestry was a victim of the death camps” (Rigg, p. 268).
According to Israel’s “Law of Return,” a Jew is defined as a person having a Jewish mother while remaining unconverted to another religion, especially Catholicism, or one who converted to Judaism. Thus, a large fraction of the Mischlinge (German-Jewish “mongrels”) consisted of Jews that would qualify for immigration to Israel. Rigg estimates that 60% of half-Jews and 30% of quarter-Jews in Nazi Germany were Jewish by that standard (p. 18, 283).
The number of Mischlinge spared from persecution by Hitler numbers in the thousands (p. 3). There were perhaps 16,000 Mischlinge officers were in the Wehrmacht in 1940, and more than 150,000 Mischlinge fought in Nazi forces during WWII. Top Nazi officials were actively involved in protection of German Jews, including Ribbentrop, Sauckel, Bormann, Canaris, Donitz, Heydrich, Himmler, von Schirach, Kaltenbrunner, and Goring (p. 182).
Moreover, Luftwaffe Field Marshall Erhart Milch, was either a half or full Jew (pp. 29-30). According to Rigg (p. 203), some 200 full-blooded Jews (the Schutzjuden, or protected Jews) were spared persecution in Berlin alone and at least 6,000 full-blooded Jews served in the Wehrmacht (p. 65). Rigg describes a number of Mischlinge directly involved in the German conquest of Poland in 1939.
Rigg writes about the involvement of German Jews in the Holocaust itself such as Eichmann, Killy, Eppinger, Goldschlag, Abrahamsohn, and Scherwitz (p. 258). Hitler himself suffered of an obsessive fear of his own Jewishness. Rigg also mentioned the probable Jewishness of Reinhard Heydrich (p. 176), one of the chief architects of the Holocaust. However, most documents that trace the ancestry of top Nazi officials have been destroyed. German Muslims were accepted as full Germans (p. 18). German Mischlinge were spared from extermination (p. 169).
Earlier, before WWII, German Jews and Mischlinge scorned the Ostjuden (the eastern European Jews), and advocated German discrimination against them (pp. 12-13), which I have discussed already. As for the struggle of the Holocaust Industry to impose on the world Jewish superiority, Rigg mentioned Jewish prayer in which Jews thank God that “He did not create them as gentiles” (p. 48).
Rigg?s did not mention that the blonde, blue-eyed Polish children were kidnapped and raised as Germans (as part of the Lebensborn program), while all other Poles were defined as untermenschen (subhumans). Rigg omits the fact that the same tripartite division used against Jews was also used against Slavs, namely those 1). Condemned to immediate death, 2) Kept alive only as long as deemed useful to the Reich, and 3) Provisionally accepted, to varying degrees, as “true” Germans. In the first group were several million murdered Poles, including half of the Polish intelligentsia.
The Soviets played a key role in the actual creation of the state of Israel for the purpose of creating conflict in the Middle East during the Cold War. In March 1947, Andrei Gromyko, Ambasador of the U.S.S.R at the United Nations made the first ever formal proposal in UN to create the state of Israel in Palestine. This happened at the end of series of some sixteen pogroms staged by the NKVD in the satellite countries and after the eviction of some 711,000 Jews, through the “Iron Curtain.” Of all of these refugees only 312,000 Jews actually arrived in Palestine.
On August 1946 the Soviets staged the last postwar pogrom in the satellite states. It took place in Bratislava, Slovakia. Before that date there were four pogroms staged in Budapest, Hungary and three in Soviet occupied Poland . The NKVD conducted the remaining pogroms in the other satellite states. (Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian, “The Pogrom of Kielce,” Culture Wars,”Vol. 26, No 11, November, 2006).
Among Jewish refugees were veterans of the Red Army, who were given Czech weapons free of charge, by the Soviets, so that they could conquer land for the new state, which was recognized by the UN on May 14, 1948, within borders that lasted until 1967.
Earlier, in 1950, the Zionists organized pogroms in Arab states and caused arrival to Israel of some 547,000 Arab Jews.
About one million two hundred sixty thousand Jews were brutally chased out of their homes in Europe and in the Arab states for the purpose of creating of the state of Israel which was made possible by the immigration of some 760,000 Jewish refugees (Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. “Poland an Illustrated History,” New York: Hippocrene Books Inc., 2000. Page 224). From the beginning the state of Israel gave shelter to all Jews including wartime criminals as long as they were qualified to take advantage of the “law of return.”
The Holocaust Industry and such people as professor Yehuda Bauer of the University of Jerusalem may have political and financial reasons to treat Wannsee as a “silly story,” however for the state of Israel Wannsee is a very real warning to come to terms with their Arab neighbors and not to treat the Palestinians the way Nazis treated Jews. Actually, Yehuda Bauer is quoted in the January 30, 1992 issue of the Canadian Jewish News to the effect that Wannsee meeting “was hardly a conference” and that “the public still repeats time after time the silly story that at Wannsee the extermination of the Jews was arrived at.” This statement contradicts detailed description of the historic change of Hitler’s attitude from planning evacuation of Jews from Europe to Madagascar by using French and English navy, to planning extermination of European Jews after the disaster suffered by German Army at Moscow a year later.
Thus, the genocide of the Jews was not the cause of the war, but it resulted from Nazi defeats on the Soviet front. Jews played an important role in the history of both world wars and especially in Lenin’s Bolshevik Revolution. The Madagascar Plan, the Wannsee Briefing, are far from being “silly stories,” they are important turning points in the history of the Jews during Word War II.
Print Added: 2007-03-23
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
Born Sept. 3, 1921
Lwów, Poland
in Dec 1939 left Warsaw. Dec 30, 1939 arrested by Ukrainians serving the Gestapo in Dukla, then transferred to Barwinek, Krosno, Jaslo, Tarnów, Oswiecim, arrived in Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen on Aug. 10, 1940.
April 19, 1945 started on the Death March of Brandenburg from Sachsenhausen; escaped gunfire of SS-guards and arrived to Schwerin and freedom on May 2, 1945.
September 1945 arrived in Brussels, Belgium; obtained admission as a regular student at the Catholic University: Institute Superieur de Commerce, St. Ignace in Antwerp.
in 1954 graduated in Civil Engineering at the top of his class. Was invited to join honorary societies: Tau Beta Pi (general engineering honorary society), Phi Kappa Phi (academic honorary society equivalent to Phi Beta Kappa), Pi Mu (mechanical engineering honorary society), and Chi Epsilon (civil engineering honorary society). Taught descriptive geometry at the University of Tennessee;
in 1955 graduated with M.S. degree in Industrial Engineering.
in 1955 started working for Shell Oil Company in New Orleans. After one year of managerial training was assigned to design of marine structures for drilling and production of petroleum.
in 1960 started working for Texaco Research and Development in Houston, Texas as a Project Engineer. Authored total of 50 American and foreign patents on marine structures for the petroleum industry;
wrote an article: The Rise and Fall of the Polish Commonwealth - A Quest for a Representative Government in Central and Eastern Europe in the 14th to 18th Centuries. Started to work on a Tabular History of Poland.
in 1972 moved to Blacksburg, Virginia. During the following years worked as Consulting Engineer for Texaco, also taught in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as Adjunct Professor in the College of Civil Engineering teaching courses on marine structures of the petroleum industry. Designed and supervised the construction of a hill top home for his family, also bought 500 acre ranch (near Thomas Jefferson National Forest) where he restored 200 years old mill house on a mountain stream.
in 1978 prepared Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. The dictionary included a Tabular History of Poland, Polish Language, People, and Culture as well as Pogonowski's phonetic symbols for phonetic transcriptions in English and Polish at each dictionary entry; the phonetic explanations were illustrated with cross-sections of speech (organs used to pronounce the sounds unfamiliar to the users). It was the first dictionary with phonetic transcription at each Polish entry for use by English speakers
in 1981 prepared Practical Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1983 prepared Concise Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. Wrote an analysis of Michael Ch ci ski's Poland, Communism, Nationalism, Anti-Semitism. Also selected crucial quotations from Norman Davies' God's Playground - A History of Poland on the subject of the Polish indigenous democratic process.
in 1985 prepared Polish-English Standard Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. Also prepared a revised and expanded edition of the Concise Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics, also published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1987 prepared Poland: A Historical Atlas on Polish History and Prehistory including 200 maps and graphs as well as Chronology of Poland's Constitutional and Political Development, and the Evolution of Polish Identity - The Milestones. An introductory chapter was entitled Poland the Middle Ground. Aloysius A. Mazewski President of Polish-American Congress wrote an introduction. The Atlas was published by Hippocrene Books Inc. and later by Dorset Press of the Barnes and Noble Co. Inc. which sends some 30 million catalogues to American homes including color reproduction of book covers. Thus, many Americans were exposed to the cover of Pogonowski's Atlas showing the range of borders of Poland during the history - many found out for the firsttime that Poland was an important power in the past. Total of about 30,000 atlases were printed so far.
In 1988 the publication of Poland: A Historical Atlas resulted in a number of invitations extended by several Polonian organizations to Iwo Pogonowski to present Television Programs on Polish History. Pogonowski responded and produced over two year period 220 half-hour video programs in his studio at home (and at his own expense.) These programs formed a serial entitled: Poland, A History of One Thousand Years. Total of over 1000 broadcasts of these programs were transmitted by cable television in Chicago, Detroit-Hamtramck, Cleveland, and Blacksburg.
in 1990-1991 translated from the Russian the Catechism of a Revolutionary of 1869 in which crime has been treated as a normal part of the revolutionary program. Started preparation of the Killing the Best and the Brightest: A Chronology of the USSR-German Attempt to Behead the Polish Nation showing how the USSR became a prototype of modern totalitarian state, how this prototype was adapted in Germany by the Nazis.
in 1991 prepared Polish Phrasebook, Polish Conversations for Americans including picture code for gender and familiarity, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1991 prepared English Conversations for Poles with Concise Dictionary published by Hippocrene Books Inc. By then a total of over 100,000 Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionaries written by Pogonowski were sold in the United States and abroad.
in 1992 prepared a Dictionary of Polish, Latin, Hebrew, and Yiddish Terms used in Contacts between Poles and Jews. It was prepared for the history of Jews in Poland as well as 115 maps and graphs and 172 illustrations, paintings, drawings, and documents, etc. of Jewish life in Poland. This material was accompanied by proper annotations.
in 1993 prepared Jews in Poland, Rise of the Jews as a Nation from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel, published by Hippocrene Books Inc. in 3000 copies. Foreword was written by Richard Pipes, professor of history at Harvard University, and Pogonowski's school mate in the Keczmar school in Warsaw. Part I included: a Synopsis of 1000 Year History of Jews in Poland; the 1264 Statute of Jewish Liberties in Poland in Latin and English translation; Jewish Autonomy in Poland 1264-1795; German Annihilation of the Jews. In appendixes are documents and illustrations. An Atlas is in the Part III. It is divided as follows: Early Jewish Settlements 966-1264; The Crucial 500 Years, 1264-1795; Competition (between Poles and Jews) Under Foreign Rule, 1795-1918; The Last Blossoming of Jewish Culture in Poland, 1918-1939; German Genocide of the Jews, 1940-1944; Jewish Escape from Europe 1945-1947 - The End of European (Polish) Phase of Jewish History (when most of world's Jewry lived in Europe). Pogonowski began to write a new book starting with the Chronology of the Martyrdom of Polish Intelligentsia during World War II and the Stalinist Terror; the book in preparation was entitled Killing the Best and the Brightest.
in 1995 prepared Dictionary of Polish Business, Legal and Associated Terms for use with the new edition of the Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary and later to be published as a separate book.
in 1996 Pogonowski's Poland: A Historical Atlas; was translated into Polish; some 130 of the original 200 maps printed in color; the Chronology of Poland was also translated into Polish. The Atlas was published by Wydawnictwo Suszczy ski I Baran in Kraków in 3000 copies; additional publications are expected. Prepared Polish-English, Eglish-Polish Compact Dictionary with complete phonetics, published by Hippocrene Books Inc.
in 1997 finished preparation of the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary with complete phonetics including over 200,000 entries, in three volumes on total of 4000 pages; it is published by Hippocrene Books Inc; the Polish title is: Uniwesalny S ownik Polsko-Angielski. Besides years of work Pogonowski spent over $50,000 on computers, computer services, typing, and proof reading in order to make the 4000 page dictionary camera ready; assisted in the preparation of second edition of Jews in Poland, Rise of the Jews from Congressus Judaicus in Poland to the Knesset in Israel published in fall of 1997. Prepared computer programs for English-Polish Dictionary to serve as a companion to the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary printed by the end of May 1997.
in 1998 Pogonowski organized preparation of CD ROM for the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary, Practical English-Polish Dictionary, Polish Phrasebook for Tourists and Travelers to Poland, all published earlier by Iwo C. Pogonowski. The Phrasebook includes 280 minutes of bilingual audio read by actors. Started preparation for a new edition of Poland: A Historical Atlas. New Appendices are being prepared on such subjects as: Polish contribution to Allied's wartime intelligence: the breaking of the Enigma Codes, Pune Munde rocket production; Poland's contribution to the international law since 1415; Poland's early development of rocket technology such as Polish Rocketry Handbook published in 1650 in which Poles introduced for the first time into the world's literature concepts of multiple warheads, multistage rockets, new controls in rocket flight, etc. Poland's Chronology is being enlarged to reflect the mechanisms of subjugation of Polish people by the Soviet terror apparatus. Continued preparation of the Killing the Best and the Brightest: A Chronology of the USSR-German Attempt to Behead the Polish Nation, including the 1992 revelations from Soviet archives as well as the current research in Poland. Continued preparation of two-volume English Polish Dictionary, a companion to the Unabridged Polish-English Dictionary published in 1997. Reviewed Upiorna Dekada by J. T. Gross.
in 1999 Pogonowski continued writing Poland - An Illustrated History and preparing for it 21 maps and diagrams and 89 illustrations.
in 2000 Pogonowski prepared, in a camera ready form, Poland - An Illustrated History; it was published by Hippocrene Books Inc. NY 2000 and recommended by Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Advisor under President Carter, as "An important contribution to the better understanding of Polish history, which demonstrates in a vivid fashion the historical vicissitudes of that major European nation."
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)